DNS (Domain Name System)
The system that translates a domain name into the server address a browser needs to load a website or route email.
Nameserver
A server that holds a domain's DNS records and tells the internet where to send traffic for that domain.
SSL Certificate
A file that enables encrypted communication between a visitor's browser and a website's server, shown to visitors as a padlock icon.
cPanel
A web-based control panel used to manage hosting accounts, including email, files, databases, and DNS records.
VPS (Virtual Private Server)
A hosting environment that partitions a physical server into isolated virtual machines, each with guaranteed dedicated resources.
Cloud Hosting
Hosting that distributes a website's resources across multiple servers, allowing capacity to scale automatically and traffic to reroute if one server fails.
Shared Hosting
A hosting arrangement where multiple websites share the resources of one physical server, typically at a lower cost but with less resource isolation.
ICP Filing (备案)
A mandatory registration for websites hosted on servers physically located in mainland China, issued through China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and coordinated by the hosting provider.
Real-Name Registration
The CNNIC requirement that .cn domain registrants submit verified identity or business documents before a domain is activated.
Fapiao
The official tax invoice required in China for a business to record and claim a service expense.
TTL (Time to Live)
A value set on a DNS record that determines how long resolvers cache it before checking for updates.
MX Record
A DNS record that directs a domain's incoming email to the correct mail server.
SPF (Sender Policy Framework)
A DNS record that lists which mail servers are authorized to send email on behalf of a domain, reducing spoofing.
DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail)
An email authentication method that adds a digital signature to outgoing mail, helping receiving servers verify it wasn't altered in transit.
DNSSEC
A set of extensions that cryptographically sign DNS records to prevent them from being spoofed or tampered with.
2FA (Two-Factor Authentication)
A login security method requiring a second verification step beyond a password, such as a code from a mobile app.
TLD (Top-Level Domain)
The final segment of a domain name, such as .com or .cn, indicating its category or country association.
ccTLD (Country-Code Top-Level Domain)
A top-level domain assigned to a specific country or territory, such as .cn for China.
WHOIS Privacy
A service that masks a domain owner's personal contact details in the public WHOIS registration record.